Psychology and Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Perspectives Essay Human beings are given the unique capacity to view things not just the way they are but also on the pre-programmed processes we use in describing a situation. These perspectives can come from many different external influences and by internal factors involving our personal and historical development. On these reason we can employ psychology to study why and how we view things and how these factors influence our perspectives. There are many psychological perspectives presented in the field to distinguish our differences from other people. However, though we have been guided by these explanations on how we react mentally and physically over a situation, these perspectives, though they are limited, complement each other to form a unified explanation on our views. Their questions present different answers which can describe the paradigms of human existence and process, based on the different aspects of their functions and influences. This paper will discuss several psychological perspectives and their relationship to our daily routine of looking at things differently from others. View point and summaries of related topics will be discussed applied with the neuroscience, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, behavior genetics and cognitive perspectives. These perspectives are best to explain the differences people have on viewing a situation. Neuroscience Perspective First, the neuroscience perspective looks at the internal viewing functions of a person. This involves the processes of the brain in conceiving a situation and the underlying influences that affect a persons behavior. It describes how the body and mind control our emotions, memories, and sensory processes to react on a given situation. In The Girl with a Boys Brain by Carlin Flora, neuroscience perspective is used in determining a persons tendencies and irregularities by identifying brain processes and disorders.   Kiriana Cowansage has had obsessions and successes in many areas of her life. However, though her brain is above the average intellectual norm, she often gets lost in her own neighborhood. She is then diagnosed to have Aspergers Syndrome, a mental disorder highly functional in the autism family. This condition is found usually on boys due to their innate tendency to systematize. Kiriana is said to be weak in relating with other people and in situations she is in. Often times she gets confused by unfamiliar events and get lost helplessly in it due to her faulty sensory processing systems. Kirianas behaviors are apparently affected by her condition and needs attention on how inner processes to solve her problem. This inner view to explain a persons behavior and practices is described in neuroscience perspectives. Evolutionary perspective Evolutionary perspective relates our ancestral environment to be affective of our behaviors at present. The historical development of people and their retained and their passed characteristics are considered to be factors that affect their emotions and tendencies. Evolutionary psychology taps on the affective structures of human ancestral environments on the establishment of emotions, personalities, cognitive processes, and mental disorders (Nesse, p6). In a Psyched for Success article publsihed in October 2003, evolutionary perspective is used in describing the causes and implications of depression. There they raised the question of whether depression is simply a disorder or a sign of emotional fatigue. The article states that, in centuries past, aspects of human life have been internalized and passed through generations to our present life. These aspects of the past are still being used but are insufficient or inappropriate because of our more complicated present. Depression is said to signal this mismatch between our old ways and our new situations (2003). Since life today are relatively harder, people cannot cope completely with new and unfamiliar events presented to them thus causes stress and signals a people to step back and reassess the situation and their reaction. Psychodynamic perspective Psychodynamic perspective asserts that inner conflicts of the past affect a persons behaviors and emotions at the present. It is based primarily on Freuds concept of the unconscious where all repressed feelings are stored and affect our views unnoticeably. People who have abusive and violent experiences in the past are more likely to have repressed emotions stored in their unconcious and these defines who they are in the present. The article In the Name of Love describes adult relationships to be greatly affected by peoples relationships during childhood. Johnson and Maranos report relates the attachment theory of infancy, the characteristic of a child to rely and depend on an immediate relative, a mother usually. This attachment is then carried as children grow old and establish their own relationships with other people (Johnson and Marano, 1994). Partners rely on each others affection and availability. When people are in fear or anxiety, they will certainly ask for support from their partners. Children and adult relationships are underlined by the common need of a person for attachment and security. Behavioral perspective Most of the time there are environmental stimuli that automatically or force us to make a reaction. Behavioral perspective describes this immediate factors as affective to ones behavior. Psychotherapy utilizes this perspective to describe a persons behavior through various stimulus and on many occasions it is used to erase or establish a behavior in a person. In an article by Tim Bower and Robert Epstein, behavioral perspective can detect psychological disorders on patients and consequently affect a therapists own personality. Due to the reinforced and repeated exposure to the cases and situations of patients they treat, therapist have a tendency to absorb behaviors and manifest it in their own lives. In a certain instance, psychologists who experienced having a patient suicide felt guilt and self-incrimination which could lead to other unprofessional behaviors. Also, the distress caused by their patients faulty disclosures have affected their lives with their own families the same with how their family relationships affect their professional responsibilities. Also, mental health workers are at greater risk of substance abuse due to their treatment of patients with the same behavior (Epstain and Bower, 1997). Genetic behavior perspective The genetic behavior perspective relates to the innate causes of behaviors. The hereditary influences that people often are affected in their responses to stimuli are regarded with much research and attention to prove. The concept of being born and not made can be found on this perspective as what the article Bruce Avolio explained. In Are Leaders Born or Made?, he stated that genetic codes also contain behavioral preferences and tools for people be what they are â€Å"meant† to be. Leaders are equipped with high energy, desire to affect others, determination and intelligence. Scientist have spent time and effort in proving that these qualities are innate and   are gifts to chosen individuals tasked become leaders. However, these characteristics are later found with the possibility of being learned and instilled to us by our parents at the early stages of life (Avolio, 1999). Also, in the article, My Genes Made Me Do It, Peele and DeGrandpre genetic codes programmed with certain behaviors are being used as excuse for tolerating certain actions (Peele and DeGrandpre , 1995). Often times, people are fooled with wrong theories on genetic behaviors and on this note researchers are focused on specific areas of life which can really be passed genetically. Also, if our personality is already determined during the early stages of conceiving, people tend to withdraw efforts on changing their behaviors. This perception is considered to have monumental consequences on how we view ourselves and on personal development. These psychological perspectives – neuroscience, evolutionary, genetic behavior, behavioral, and psychodynamic – are established to have various views on how human beings behave and relate to others. Though these perspectives raises differing questions and answers, they all relate a persons process and structure for behavior. The study on these perspectives not only open various doors for psychological exploration but also give different means on how to describe personalities and offer treatments on the disorders which haunt people over the course of their life by identifying the internal and external etiologies of their abnormalities. Also, these only prove that wherever human perspectives are present, psychological approaches can be utilized to determine the wide range of causes and influences of these views.

Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism in literature is the deepness and hidden meaning in a piece of work.   It is often used to represent a moral or religious belief or value. Without symbolism literature is just a bunch of meaningless words on paper.   The most symbolic piece of work in American Literature is Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.   Hawthorne's use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter is one of the most significant contributions to the rise of American Literature.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of Hawthorne's symbolism is very hard to find but several symbols are also obvious.   In the first chapter Hawthorne describes the prison as "the black flower of civilized society".   The prison represents the crime and punishment that was incorporated in the early Puritan life.   He also contrasts the prison with the tombstone at the end of the novel by suggesting that crime and punishment bring about the end of civilized life.   In the same chapter he describes the overgrown vegetation of weeds around the prison.   The weeds symbolize how corrupt civilization really is.   He also points out a positive symbol, the wild rose bush.   This represents the blossoming of good out of the darkness of all civilized life.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter A.   It initially symbolizes the immoral act of adultery but by the end of the novel the "A" has hidden much more meaning than that.   The "A" appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne. It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellingham's mansion.   At night while Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter A in the sky.   While Pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges some grass in the form of an A on her own breast.   But one of the most important A's is one the spectators see burnt on Dimmesdale's chest.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The letter A also has a variety of meanings.   Originally standing for the sin of adultery it has a different meaning for each character.   The Puritan community considers the letter a mark of just punishment.   Hester sees the letter as a symbol of unjust humiliation.

Memo Review Essay

The writer knowing the audience will help with what information to keep or remove, whether the memo will be formal or informal, and word choice. Memoradum Review An informal memo, typically, is between two colleagues for notification of information or to obtain input on different subjects. Andrew Accountant’s memo was an informal memo the teammates to obtain information on the inventory methods of LastIn/FirstOut (LIFO) and FirstIn/ FirstOut (FIFO). The review of Andrew’s memo will show what information to use or remove and word choice, which both depends on the writer’s knowledge of the audience. Repercussions can arise when there is no knowledge of the audience. Inclusion of Information The information of a memo is important because it tells the audience the reason for writing the memo. Memorandums can have information that does not apply to the message. For instance, Andrew had information about Macy’s winning the test case against the United States right to use LIFO. This information is not necessary because it does not apply to the company. A memo with information overload can cause the audience to lose their attention, and it has the potential of letting the audience know that they have no knowledge of the subject. Word Choice â€Å"The words that communicate best will be those that appeal to your particular readers and enable them easily to understand what you are trying to say† (Flatley, Lesikar, & Rentz, p. 27, 2008). Word choice is important to written communication because it conveys the tone and personality of the writer; the audience cannot see the nonverbal communication, which it conveys the emotion and feelings behind verbal communication (Beebe & Masterson, p. 144, 2006), in written communication. For example, Andrew wrote stating the possibility that the team will recommend LIFO. The statement conveys the decision of which inventory method to recommend is made without team discussion. The team could have confusion on team leadership and feel their opinions do not matter which can harm the group communication. Andrew should have started the statement with ‘in my opinion’ and then the supporting details of his opinion. Jargon is a special language used in a group (jargon, n. d. ). The use of accounting terms is necessary for Andrew’s informal memo because it is the language used between the team. If the memo were to be directed at a different audience, there should be explanations of the accounting terms, so the audience can understand, or do not use the terms. When the audience cannot understand the message, they will lose attention and feel the writer was in rush and did not care about the message. Conclusion Overall, the audience is important because the audience has an influence on the language, format, and information. The writer wants to keep the audience attention and make sure the audience can understand the memo. Written communication can improve or harm a relationship depending on how the audience interprets the message. To achieve this, proofreading and editing is important to having an effective memo. Well-written memos are a good way of communication and show others with â€Å"respect and friendly human concern† (Flatley, Lesikar, & Rentz, p. 76, 2008). References Beebe, S. , & Masterson, J. (2006). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles and Practices (8th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Flatley, M. E. , Lesikar, R. V. , & Rentz, K. (2008). Business Communication (11th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. jargon. (n. d. ). The American Heritage ® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Retrieved February 05, 2013, from Dictionary. com website: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/jargon INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT FROM:AFTDEN WHITE & TEAMMATES SUBJECT:LAST IN/FIRST OUT & FIRST IN/FIRST OUT DATE: FEBRUARY 5, 2013 In response, to the request of overview inventory methods: Last In/ First Out and First In/ First Out. The team researched and discussed the contrast between the two inventory methods. The choice of Last In/ First Out and First In/First Out will influence the profit and loss statements. The company should continue using Last In/ First Out if the costs remain the same, but we should move to First In/First Out if the costs increase, as expected. The question of whether the company’s Cost of Goods Sold and inventories cost will increase or decrease with the use of the two inventory methods. To our findings, the First In/First Out will decrease the value of the Cost of Goods Sold and have an increase value of inventory. The Last In/ First Out will decrease the value of Cost of Goods Sold and decrease the value of inventory. To improve the company’s cash flow and profit margin, the Last In/ First Out method is best. With Last In/ First Out, we can continue to reduce federal and state corporate income taxes. The reduction of corporate income taxes has leaded the company to better cash flow and profit margin. We recommend continuing to use the Last In/First Out because of the improvements it will have on cash flows and profit margin. Please find the overview to be helpful in making the decision of which inventory method to apply to the company. .

Early American History Essay - 1188 Words

Early American History Unity within colonies was extremely strong because it was assembled in a primal urge for survival. The colonists were in this entirely new land, so it was natural they would stick together to the familiar, and therefore build strong bonds and loyalty to their colony. Exclusion also excellently describes early America because of the way colonies expelled their own people if they did not follow the colonys strict ‘rules of life. The primary source documents; City upon a Hill, Ann Hutchinsons Trial, Founding Of The Iroquois League, and The Mayflower Compact are all brilliant examples of this contradictory yet surprisingly honest view of early American history. Early American History should be remembered as†¦show more content†¦One must remember, thought, that in Puritan Massachusetts, the Church and the State were one. This is precisely why Ann Hutchinson is being tried in a state court for crossing Puritan doctrine. Governor John Winthrop is saying that, according to Purit an doctrine, to become acquainted with someone of a religion other than Puritanism, it puts to shame the parents of this sinner and the dishonors the whole Puritan colony. This is quite indicative of exclusion because the Puritans stopped everyone of their faith from friendly interaction with someone of a different faith. The unjust and severe punishment was that they were to be banished from the colony, their family, their friends, and their church. This is what happened to Ann Hutchinson. She was excluded from her whole life all because she quietly questioned some of the Churchs decisions and didnt take kindly the spoon-fed Puritan principles. Early American History should be remembered as a time of unity as well as exclusion because in each separate colony, they had to unite to stay alive. They united in grief over trials and tribulations, such as mass numbers of death, especially in the early colonies, and hunger. 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